Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization

Conventional Long Name	Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
Linking Name	the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
Symbol Type	Logo
Image Symbol

Image Map
Map Caption	Members of UNPO. Former members are in dark gray.
Membership	39 groups
Leader Title1	President
Leader Name1	Rubina Greenwood
Leader Title2	Vice-Presidents
Leader Name2	Elisenda Paluzie Tammy Breedt
Leader Title3	Current Secretary General
Leader Name3	Mercè Monje Cano
Established	11 February 1991

The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) is an international membership organisation and global platform of solidarity committed to amplifying the voices of unrepresented Peoples and Nations securing their equal participation on the world stage and safeguarding their fundamental rights.

Founded in 1991 at the Peace Palace in The Hague, on principles of nonviolence and interethnic tolerance, UNPO was established by and for those excluded from, or repressed by, international and national decision-making processes. Since its founding, UNPO has worked to support silenced voices, build solidarity between communities, and defend the right to self-determination as a foundation for peace, justice, and inclusive governance.

The UNPO is the sole international membership organisation working to develop an understanding of and respect for the collective rights of peoples, including their right of political participation and representation, and self-determination as a cornerstone of peaceful and inclusive societies.

The organisation represents over 39 unrepresented nations and peoples from Indigenous peoples, minority communities, occupied or stateless nations, and unrecognised communities whose collective right to self-determination has been limited. Globally, UNPO represents more than 300 million individuals from around the world who remain committed to peace, democracy and human rights.

In order to effectively raise the voice of its members, the organisation also functions as a bridge between unrepresented communities and international, regional, and national actors, including intergovernmental organizations, diplomatic institutions, civil society, academic institutions, and the general public. The organization provides a platform for dialogue, knowledge exchange, and coordinated advocacy. Since its founding, UNPO has grown from its original fifteen founding members to a diverse global membership encompassing over 39 communities across Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas.

Some former members, including Armenia, Estonia, Latvia, Georgia, East Timor, and Palau, left the organization after achieving statehood or increased international recognition. UNPO has also played a key role in supporting members toward other significant outcomes, including peace agreements in Nagalim and the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT), and the 2019 Bougainville independence referendum. Beyond such outcomes, UNPO defines success more broadly as enhanced political capacity, sustained international visibility, strengthened community, and increased participation of unrepresented peoples in diplomatic and policy processes, regardless of constitutional status.

History

The UNPO was conceived of by leaders of self-determination movements: Linnart Mäll of the Congress of Estonia, Erkin Alptekin of East Turkestan, and Lodi Gyari of Tibet, together with Michael van Walt van Praag, international legal adviser of the 14th Dalai Lama. The founder members were representatives of national movements of Estonia, Latvia, Tibet, Crimean Tatars, Armenia, Georgia, Tatarstan, East Turkestan, East Timor, Australian Aboriginals, the Cordillera in the Philippines, the Greek minority in Albania, Kurdistan, Palau, Taiwan, and West Papua. A core goal of the UNPO was to replicate the powerful message of nonviolence and interethnic tolerance in the face of oppression exhibited by the Tibetan people and championed by the 14th Dalai Lama, and to provide a forum in which others are encouraged and supported to adopt similar approaches. Today, this founding vision continues to inform the work of the organization.

The Hague, in the Netherlands, was selected as the founding headquarters for the UNPO in 1991. This decision was made because the city was striving to be the International City of Peace and Justice, hosting international courts like the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and International Criminal Court (ICC). A Foundation was thus established in the Netherlands to provide secretarial support to the UNPO General Assembly and to carry out research and educational activities related to unrepresented peoples worldwide. Currently, the UNPO is present in three locations, establishing offices in Brussels and Geneva to enhance its engagement with key international institutions and stakeholders. The organization maintains ongoing engagement with regional organizations such as the European Union and the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, as well as multilateral bodies such as the United Nations.

The organisation is funded by a combination of member contributions (3’000 euros per year and per community), donations from individuals, and project-based grants from foundations. UNPO publishes its annual activity and financial reports on its website.

UNPO has been awarded the 1991 Tolerance Award, 1992 Social Innovation Award (The Body Shop), 1998 Petra Kelly Peace Award (Heinrich Böll Foundation) and was nominated for the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize and 1994 Right to Livelihood Award.

Mission and Values

UNPO’s overarching aim is to promote the right of all peoples to self-determination and meaningful political participation, in accordance with international human rights standards. The organization seeks to ensure that communities lacking adequate representation in national or international institutions can articulate their concerns, protect their cultural and linguistic heritage, and participate in shaping their political, economic, social, and cultural futures.

Although UNPO members differ in their political goals and historical circumstances, they are united by the absence of formal representation in major international fora, including from the United Nations system. This lack of representation limits their ability to obtain international protection, participate in multilateral negotiations, or influence policy decisions affecting their rights and territories.

UNPO provides a platform of solidarity through which unrepresented peoples from different regions can engage in dialogue, coordinate advocacy, and share expertise on non-violent strategies for addressing discrimination, conflict, or marginalization. Through research, raising awareness, training, and engagement with international, regional and national bodies, the organization supports its members in navigating global governance structures and amplifying issues that may otherwise remain excluded from diplomatic or media attention. The platform ensures that the voices of unrepresented peoples are not only heard but valued in global forums, empowering nations and peoples to fully realize their potential within a just and inclusive society.

UNPO’s work is guided by five principles set out in its Covenant, which all members are required to endorse:

The equal right of all peoples to self-determination and representation: UNPO interprets this as the right of any “people” to determine their own political status and chart their economic, social, and cultural development.
Adherence to international accepted human rights standards: members commit to the norms laid out in international human rights instruments, ensuring the protection of civil, political, cultural, social, and economic rights for all individuals and communities.
Commitment to democratic pluralism and rejection of intolerance: UNPO defines democratic pluralism as inclusive, participatory, transparent, representative governance that respects diversity of cultures, religions, beliefs and political opinions.
Promotion of non-violence and rejection of violence or terrorism as instruments of policy: from its inception, UNPO has emphasized non-violent civil resistance and advocacy. Members pledge not to resort to violence, terrorism, or extremism in pursuit of political goals.
Protection of the natural environment and respect for ancestral lands and resources: recognising the close link between cultural identity, community survival, and the environment, UNPO prioritises environmental protection. This includes safeguarding traditional lands, natural resources, and ancestral territories, especially in the face of climate change, extractive industries, and ecological degradation.

UNPO Strategy 2024/2027

In an era of shifting geopolitical dynamics, rising authoritarianism, and intensifying conflicts that disproportionately affect unrepresented communities, UNPO has continuously evolved and adapted its approach to meet emerging challenges. The organization's recent strategic focus emphasizes self-determination not merely as a political principle but as an essential prerequisite for building peaceful, sustainable, and inclusive futures.

The last Strategic Plan (2024-2027) was approved by the UNPO membership at the XIX General Assembly held in Munich between the 14th and 15th May 2024.

Central to this evolution is the UNPO Academy, the strategic core of UNPO's long-term vision, which serves as an international hub bringing together research, policy development, training, and strategic guidance. The Academy produces geopolitical analyses on communities often absent from global forums reframing them not as marginal actors but as central to global stability and security. UNPO actively raises awareness of how contemporary geopolitical developments, including great power competition, resource extraction, climate change, and technological authoritarianism, directly impact unrepresented peoples, while simultaneously highlighting the vital contributions these communities make to global diversity, cultural heritage, environmental stewardship, and conflict resolution.

Activities

A central focus of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) is capacity building, through which it seeks to strengthen the ability of unrepresented peoples and communities to engage independently and effectively in political, legal, and diplomatic processes. UNPO supports its members through training programmes, research, advocacy initiatives, and diplomatic engagement, enabling them to navigate international institutions and articulate their concerns in regional and global forums, including the United Nations.

UNPO’s work is guided by the promotion of international human rights standards and democratic principles, including the right to self-determination and the protection of civil and political rights. The organization actively promotes values reflected in international frameworks such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 16 on peace, justice, and strong institutions. In this context, UNPO engages in policy-oriented advocacy at both national and international levels on issues relevant to its members, including freedom of expression, political participation, minority rights, and the protection of civic space.

In addition to its advocacy and capacity-building activities, UNPO engages in public outreach and awareness-raising.

Webinars, Conferences, Podcast and Public Events
UNPO organizes and participates in webinars, conferences, public panels, educational events, and a podcast focused on thematic issues relevant to its mission, including linguistic rights, environmental governance, and the role of self-determination in contemporary geopolitical contexts. These initiatives provide platforms for knowledge exchange among scholars, activists, policymakers, and community representatives, and contribute to raising public awareness of the perspectives and concerns of unrepresented peoples. As part of its public outreach, UNPO also publishes People’s Represented, an online magazine published by UNPO featuring reporting and analysis on the experiences and perspectives of unrepresented peoples worldwide.

Research, Publication, and Knowledge Dissemination
In support of its advocacy and educational objectives, UNPO produces research reports, policy briefs, and analytical publications that document conditions affecting member communities and propose frameworks for addressing systemic exclusion. The organization combines academic insight with lived experiences to inform debates on self-determination, minority rights, environmental protection, and global governance. These publications serve as resources for members, scholars, and international actors engaged in human rights work.

Members

The following unrepresented nations and peoples are listed as members by the UNPO.

UNPO founding members are listed with a pink background and in bold. Members who are recognised as independent countries by at least 1 UN Member or by other countries recognised by at least 1 UN member are marked by asterisk (*).

Member	Date joined	Represented by
Acheh		Acheh-Sumatra National Liberation Front
Annobón		Ambô Legadu
Afrikaners		Freedom Front Plus
Ahwazi		Democratic Solidarity Party of Ahwaz
Assyrians		Assyrian Universal Alliance
Balochistan		Balochistan National Party
Barotseland		Barotse National Freedom Alliance
Batwa		African Initiative for Mankind Progress Organization
Bellah		Malian Association for the Preservation of Bellah Culture
Brittany		Kelc’h An Dael
Catalans		Assemblea Nacional Catalana
Chittagong Hill Tracts		Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti
Crimean Tatars		Milli Mejlis
District of Columbia (Washington, DC)		D.C. Statehood Congressional Delegation
East Turkestan		World Uyghur Congress
Gilgit Baltistan		Gilgit Baltistan United Movement
Guam		Government of Guam
Haratin		Initiative de Résurgence du Mouvement Abolitionniste en Mauritanie
Hmong		Congress of World Hmong People
Ijaw		Ijaw National Congress
Iranian Kurds		Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan
Kabylia		MAK-Anavad
Khmer Krom		Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation
Nagalim		National Socialist Council of Nagalim
Niger Delta		Niger Delta Peoples Movement
Ogaden		Ogaden National Liberation Front
Ogoni		Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
Oromo		Oromo Liberation Front
Sindhis		World Sindhi Congress
Somaliland*		Government of Somaliland
South Moluccas		Republic of South Moluccas
Southern Azerbaijanis		South Azerbaijan Democratic Party
Southern Mongolians		Southern Mongolian Human Rights Information Center
Taiwan*
Tibet		Central Tibetan Administration
West Balochistan		Balochistan People's Party
Western Togolanders		Homeland Study Group Foundation
West Papuans		West Papua Human Rights Center
Zambesia		Movement for the Survival of the River Races of Zambesia

People´s Friends

In May 2025, the UNPO launched the Peoples’ Friends initiative as a formal framework to expand its global network of solidarity and collaborative action. The programme is invitation-based and designed to include communities, diaspora networks, former UNPO members, and civil society organisations that align with UNPO’s mission of defending self-determination, human rights, and democratic participation but are not full members of the organisation.

Peoples’ Friends do not hold voting rights in UNPO governance structures nor have access to all the internal resources available to full members. However, they are invited to take part in joint advocacy campaigns, shared dialogue, international visibility efforts, and select policy briefings, contributing perspectives on peace, justice, and rights. Participation is based on alignment with UNPO’s core principles rather than financial or political status, and there is no fee to join.

Peoples Friends	Date Joined	Represented By
Hong Kong	TBC	European Hong Kong Diaspora Alliance (EHKDA)
Rohingya	TBC	Rohingya Maìyafuìnor Collaborative Network

Former members

Some members of the UNPO have left because of United Nations (UN) recognition, autonomy agreements, or for other reasons.

Former UNPO members who became part of the UN are highlighted with a blue background and italics. Founding members (from 11 February 1991) are listed with pink background and in bold. Former members who are recognised as independent countries by at least 1 UN member or by other countries recognised by at least 1 UN member are marked by asterisk (*). Suspended members are marked by a yellow background.

Former member	Date joined	Date withdrew	Note
Abkhazians*		2020	Represented by Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Abkhazia
Aboriginals of Australia			Represented by National Committee to Defend Black Rights
Albanians in North Macedonia			Reached agreement on wider rights with North Macedonia in 2001
Amazigh			Represented by World Amazigh Congress
Ambazonia			Represented by the Southern Cameroons National Council and Ambazonia Governing Council (from September 2018).
			Became member of the UN in 1992
Bashkortostan
Biafra			Represented by Biafra Independence Movement
Bougainville			Reached an agreement with Papua New Guinea in 2021 in which Bougainville will be independent by 2027.
Buffalo River Dene Nation	19 December 2004	9 October 2009
			Represented by National Council of the Union of Burma. The Myanmar military junta was dissolved in 2011.
Buryatia			Represented by All-Buryat Association for the Development of Culture
Cabinda			Represented by the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria*			Government-in-exile in London.
Chin			Represented by Chin National Front
Chuvash			Represented by the Chuvash National Congress
Circassia			Represented by
Cordillera			Represented by Cordillera Peoples' Alliance
Degar-Montagnards			Represented by Montagnard Foundation, Inc.
			Became member of the UN in 2002
			Became member of the UN in 1991
Gagauzia			Reached autonomy agreement with Moldova in 1994
			Became member of the UN in 1992
Republic of Northern Epirus			Represented by Omonoia
Hungarian minority in Romania			Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
Ingushetia
Inkeri
Iraqi Kurdistan			Represented by Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
Iraqi Turkmen			Represented by Iraqi Turkmen Front, Turkmen Nationalist Movement, Turkmen Wafa Movement, and Islamic Union of Iraqi Turkmens
Kalahui Hawaii			Represented by Ka Lahui Hawaii
Karenni State			Represented by Karenni National Progressive Party
Khalistan			Membership suspended on 4 August 1993 and suspension made permanent 22 January 1995.
Komi
🇽🇰*			Represented by Democratic League of Kosovo
Kumyk
Lakota Nation			Followed by the declaration of the Republic of Lakotah
Latin American Indigenous Peoples (Project)	2016
			Became member of the UN in 1991
Lezghin			Federal Lezgian National and Cultural Autonomy
Maasai			Represented by Maasai Women for Education and Economic Development
Maohi			Represented by Hiti Tau
Madhesh			Represented by Alliance for Independent Madhesh
Mapuche			Represented by
Mari
Mon			Represented by Mon Unity League
Moro			Represented by the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, autonomy and peace deal with the government in 2014
Nahua Del Alto Balsas
Nuxalk Nation
*(Belau)*			Became member of the UN in 1994
Rusyn
Sakha
Sanjak			Represented by the Bosnian National Council of Sanjak
Savoy
Scania (Skåneland)			Membership suspended on 18 September 2011.
Rehoboth Basters			Represented by Captains Council
Shan
South Arabia			Represented by the Southern Democratic Assembly for Self-Determination for South Arabia's People
Sulu			Sulu Foundation of Nine Ethnic Tribes
Talysh			National Talysh Movement
Tatarstan
Trieste (Free Territory of Trieste)			Represented by TRIEST NGO
Tsimshian
Tuva
Udmurt			Represented by
Vhavenda			Represented by Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front
Yoruba	31 July 2020	January 2026	Represented by Yoruba World Congress
Zanzibar			Represented by , in cooperation with the Civic United Front

Governance

UNPO is governed by:

General Assembly
The highest decision-making body is the General Assembly, composed of representatives from all member communities. The Assembly meets at least once every twelve months in a regular session. During its biennial sessions, the Assembly elects UNPO’s President, two Vice-Presidents, and a Treasurer, who serve two-year terms. It also approves the participation of observers and determines their rights and duties by simple majority. Financial oversight is a central responsibility of the Assembly. Each year it examines and approves the organisation’s financial report and budget, drafted by the General Secretary in collaboration with the Treasurer. Every two years, the Assembly reviews comprehensive reports submitted by the General Secretary and the Presidency, and adopts general resolutions outlining their mandates for the following term.

Presidency Board
The Presidency acts as UNPO’s executive and supervisory authority between meetings of the Assembly. It consists of the President, two Vice-Presidents, the Treasurer, and seven additional members, each representing a different UNPO member community. All presidency members are elected for a two-year term. It is responsible for supervising the implementation of the policies and strategic directions set by the Assembly. It also represents the Assembly and works closely with the General Secretary to oversee and guide the organization’s activities.

Secretariat
The Secretariat is responsible for the organization’s administrative, operational, and programmatic work. It is led by the General Secretary, who serves as Executive Director. The General Secretary is not required to belong to a nation or people represented within UNPO and serves at the pleasure of the Assembly upon recommendation of the Presidency.

The General Secretary’s responsibilities include directing day-to-day operations, representing the organization in routine activities, managing financial accounts under the Treasurer’s supervision, and preparing annual reports of the membership. These reports contain information on membership representation, the composition of the Presidency, financial status, organizational activities, and any amendments to the Covenant. The General Secretary also prepares strategic and work plans for upcoming terms, manages the organization’s financial affairs, and provides reports to both the Presidency and the Assembly.

Leadership

Secretaries general

Name	Term
Michael van Walt van Praag (Netherlands)	1991–1998
Tsering Jampa (Tibet)	1997–1998
20px Helen S. Corbett (Australian Aboriginals)	1998–1999
Erkin Alptekin (Uyghurs)	1999–2003
Marino Busdachin (Italy)	2003–2018
Ralph J. Bunche III (USA)	2018–2023
Mercè Monje Cano (Catalonia)	2023–current

Chair/Presidents of the General Assembly

Linnart Mäll – (Estonia) 1991–1993
Erkin Alptekin – (Uyghurs) 1993–1997
Seif Sharif Hamad – (Zanzibar) 1997–2001
John J. Nimrod – (Assyrians) 2001–2005
Göran Hansson – (Scania) 2005–2006
Ledum Mitee – (Ogoni) 2006–2010
Ngawang Choephel Drakmargyapon – (Tibet) 2010–2015
Nasser Boladai – (West Balochistan) 2015–2022
Edna Adan Ismail - (Somaliland) since 2022
Rubina Greenwood - (Sindh) 2024-Current

Special Executive Director

Karl Habsburg-Lothringen – (Austria) 19 January 2002 – 31 December 2002
Mercè Monje Cano – (Catalonia) 1 October 2021 – 2023 (interim secretary general in 2023 ratified in May 2024)

References

External links

Category:International non-profit organizations
Category:Human rights organisations based in the Netherlands
Category:Organisations based in The Hague
Category:Organizations established in 1991
Category:1991 establishments in Belgium
Category:Recipients of the European Citizen's Prize

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